| 摘要: |
| 蓝色空间作为风景园林研究与实践的关键对象，不仅是疗愈景观的重要组成部分，也是健康城市建设的重要空间抓手。大量横截面研究和实验性研究已
证实蓝色空间具有生理心理健康效益，但尚未厘清不同类型城市蓝色空间及其景观要素的疗愈作用与景观偏好。以广州市不同类型蓝色空间作为视觉刺激材料，
基于近红外脑功能成像与眼动技术开展神经科学实验，测量46位参与者的大脑活动信号、眼动指标和主观感知指标，分析不同类型城市蓝色空间及其具体要素
对放松情绪和偏好的影响。结果显示，氧合血红蛋白浓度水平在观看滨海景观时相对较低，在观看湿地景观时相对较高；观看不同类型城市蓝色空间的总注视时
间、平均瞳孔直径和眼跳次数存在显著差异；滨海景观的放松和偏好主观评分最高，滨湖景观次之；人注视城市蓝色空间景观要素产生的视觉行为能够解释放松
情绪14.1%的变化和偏好16.9%的变化。研究结果可为城市蓝色空间提升改造、设计和管理提供依据。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 滨水空间 心理健康 感知 大脑活动 视觉行为 |
| DOI：10.19775/j.cla.2025.01.0047 |
| 投稿时间：2024-09-23修订日期：2024-11-04 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(52278085)；广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金项目(2023A1515010704) |
|
| Research on the Influence of Urban Blue Spaces on Relaxation and Preference: A NeuroscienceExperiment Combining fNIRS and Eye-tracking Method |
| LUO Weijing,YUAN Yuan*,WANG Linting,,LI Junwen |
| Abstract: |
| The field of landscape architecture research and practice encompasses
the entire surface of the Earth, with blue space being a critical environmental
type. Blue space is not only an essential component of therapeutic landscapes but
also an important aspect of healthy urban planning. It possesses unique aesthetic
characteristics, fascination, and attractiveness, providing distinctive benefits in terms
of disease prevention, health promotion, and therapeutic interventions, which may
differ from those provided by green spaces. Numerous cross-sectional epidemiological
studies have demonstrated positive associations between the proximity, accessibility,
quantity, visibility, and frequency of exposure to blue spaces and individuals'
health and well-being. With advancements in neuroscience technologies, research
in environmental psychology has increasingly focused on the restorative benefits
and preferences associated with landscape environments, utilizing measures such
as electrodermal activity, heart rate, electroencephalography, and eye tracking.
Experimental studies have demonstrated the physiological and psychological health
benefits of blue spaces. Blue spaces can vary significantly in type, and factors such
as location, form, size, quality, and characteristics may influence how individuals
perceive and interact with these environments. However, relatively few neuroscientific
studies have categorized blue spaces into distinct types and examined their differential
impacts on health outcomes. The question of whether different types of urban
blue spaces - such as rivers, lakes, coasts, and wetlands - offer varying restorative
benefits, particularly in terms of neurophysiological indicators, remains insufficiently
explored. Furthermore, existing research has yet to adequately investigate the role
of specific landscape elements within blue spaces. This study aimed to address these
gaps by combining functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and eye-tracking
methodologies to conduct a neuroscientific experiment. The primary objectives were:
1) to compare the effects of four distinct urban blue spaces - riverside, lakeside,
coastal, and wetland landscapes - on relaxation and preference; and 2) to analyze
the relationship between visual behavior related to specific blue space elements
and psychophysiological relaxation and preference. Field investigations and photo
documentation were conducted across various blue spaces in Guangzhou. Photos
were selected based on three primary visual characteristics: vegetation density,
plant structure layers, and water visibility. Each level of these visual characteristics
was represented by photos captured from two behavioral perspectives: staying and
walking. A total of 18 representative photos were selected as stimulus materials.
The experiment included 46 valid participants and consisted of four stages:
preparation, baseline measurement, blue space viewing, and subjective rating. Data
on participants' brain activity, eye-tracking metrics, and subjective perceptions were
collected. Portable fNIRS equipment was employed to measure neural hemodynamic
responses in participants' prefrontal cortex. Eye-tracking data were analyzed using
four indicators for the entire image and two local eye-tracking indicators for areas
of interest (AOI), which were classified by landscape elements. The eye movement
indicators included fixation count, total fixation time, average pupil diameter, saccade
count, AOI first fixation time, and AOI total fixation time. Subjective perception
indicators included self-reported relaxation and preference. Statistical analyses were
conducted using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, Friedman test, Spearman
correlation analysis, and linear mixed models. Results revealed that oxy-hemoglobin
concentration was lower when viewing coastal environments and higher when
viewing wetland environments. Significant differences were observed in the total
fixation time, mean pupil diameter, and saccade count when participants viewed
different urban blue spaces. Riverside landscapes elicited the highest saccade count,
while lakeside landscapes had the longest total fixation time. Wetland and lakeside
landscapes resulted in significantly larger average pupil diameters compared to
the other blue space types. Analysis of AOI eye movement indicators revealed that
landscape elements capturing initial and sustained attention varied across different
urban blue spaces. Coastal landscapes received the highest scores for both subjective
relaxation and preference, followed by lakeside landscapes. Correlation analysis
indicated that the relationship between visual behavior for landscape elements
and relaxation and preference differed across urban blue spaces. For instance, the
total fixation time on trees was positively correlated with preference in riverside
landscapes, whereas it was negatively correlated with relaxation and preference in
lakeside and wetland landscapes. Notably, artificial elements in blue spaces did not
appear to negatively impact relaxation and preference. Attention to bikes, decorations,
and pathways appeared to increase relaxation and preference. Linear mixed-effects
model results indicated that visual behaviors for landscape elements in urban blue
space could explain 14.1% of the variance in relaxation and 16.9% of the variance
in preference. Overall, in urban blue spaces, attention to vegetation and water bodies
was associated with greater relaxation and enhanced environmental preference, while
increased focus on buildings tended to have negative effects. Although previous
research has extensively explored relationships between landscape elements,
emotions, and landscape evaluations, few studies have investigated the effects of
visual behavior for landscape elements. Furthermore, most existing eye-tracking
studies have focused on visual behavior for landscape elements in urban green spaces,
with relatively little attention given to blue spaces. This study, utilizing advanced
neuroscientific technologies, offers a more nuanced understanding of how the visual
perception of landscape elements influences emotions and preferences. The findings
contribute to the body of evidence on urban blue spaces and provide valuable insights
for the design of human-centered urban blue spaces. |
| Key words: landscape architecture waterfront space mental health perception brain
activity visual behavior |
