| 摘要: |
| 工业遗产于20世纪80年代进入世界文化遗产范畴，其中工业景观被界定为文化景观子类以示特殊性。TICCIH《台北宣言》中强调亚洲工业遗产的异质
地形特质，即工业活动遭遇土地反作用力制约形成的马赛克般异质性的地形，是人地关系演化历史的载体，对工业遗产整体环境保护具有重要意义。以首钢为代
表性个案，通过历史文献查找、历史地图校对等方法在区域、厂区、场景尺度识别工业景观的异质地形特质，提出开放空间化的过程中基础设施复写、空间场化
的价值转化途径。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 工业景观 工业遗产 异质地形 首钢 城市更新 |
| DOI：10.19775/j.cla.2025.02.0094 |
| 投稿时间：2023-05-20修订日期：2024-09-06 |
| 基金项目:：国家自然科学基金项目(52008227)；清华大学城市治理与可持续发展研究院首都高端智库课题(20228110003) |
|
| Research on the Hetero-topography Characteristics of Industrial Landscape with Shougang as StudyCase |
| XU Yuan,,WANG Xuehan,,WANG Mengmeng,,ZHU Yufan* |
| Abstract: |
| Industrial production has been instrumental in sculpting the deep
structures and surfaces of human civilization over past centuries, transitioning into
the realm of heritage with the advent of post-industrial age. In the catalog of World
Cultural Heritage, it is defined as cultural landscape. However, industrial landscapes
often struggle to align with the value definition of cultural heritage, as current
preservation regulations predominantly focus on punctual, artificial monuments.
The core value of industrial landscapes lies in their embodiment of the evolution of
human-land interactions, rather than the Outstanding Universal Value of individual
monuments within the landscape. The latest official document of TICCIH, the
"Taipei Declaration" specifically highlights the characteristics of hetero-topography
of Asian industrial heritage, which formed in the interplay between industrial
constructions and the counteractive forces of the land, creating a mosaic of
heterogeneity. Therefore, an inescapable localization process produces a system
of local knowledge that represents the core value of industrial landscapes and is of
great significance for the holistic environmental conservation of industrial heritage.
This research primarily examines the early heavy industrial plants constructed
during the first and second industrial revolutions, which constitute the majority of
industrial heritage and exhibit a high dependency on natural environment. Studying
hetero-topography is to explore the network of natural resources for industrial
layout at the regional scale, the adaptation and transformation of site conditions
for industrial construction at the scale of plant planning, and the imprinting of
social relations and aesthetic characteristics on industrial imagery at the scale of
scene design. Consequently, the definition of heritage value is expanded spatially
from individual machinery to the holistic environment, temporally from a single
peak to a dynamic evolution, and in content from industrial outcomes to the
interrelated logic of construction. The adaptive reuse of heterogeneous topography
is about transforming plants for production into public spaces for urban functions.
Nevertheless, natural attributes of topography conflict with the original standards
designed for artificial monuments, which pursue the authenticity and integrity of
Outstanding Universal Value. The continuous growth or decay within their lifecycle
poses significant challenges to the "evidence" value and the principle of stability
in conservation work. In terms of research outcomes, the uncertainty associated
with relational issues is higher than that of dating and style analysis. Interpretative
conclusions failed to directly correspond to the formulation of specific conservation
acts. Given these circumstances, case study of representative examples is considered
an appropriate methodology. Beijing Winter Olympic Park, formerly Shougang
Plant (Capital Iron Group) is taken as a representative case. The research on heterotopography
will benefit the holistic environmental conservation of the heritage and
the application for National Industrial Heritage. At the regional scale, historical
documentation "Longyan Iron Mine Company Shareholders' Report (1920)"
indicates that the site selection for the plant was meticulously examined among
nine locations in North China. Shijingshan is finally chosen for its spacious and
elevated terrain, suitable water supply, flood prevention conditions, transportation
convenience, and ample logistical support. A railway of 12 Chinese miles was
constructed to secure the crucial limestone ore. At the scale of plant planning,
two early historical maps with elevation data were digitized and verified in GIS
database for analysis of verticality, slope, aspect, and water convergence to unveil
the logic behind the placement of the first production facilities, mainly the partial
removal and foundation utilization of Lidang Mountain and the construction of
the first cooling pool. At the scale of scene design, under the political and cultural
ambiance of the capital Beijing, Shougang undertook extensive greening and
beautification efforts. Notably, the imitation of the Summer Palace by constructing
long embankments, arched bridges, and pavilion by the lake in the style of northern
imperial gardens. The adaptive reuse of Shougang's hetero-topography includes the
overlay of infrastructure and atmosphere setting. To accommodate office building
and fulfill recreational functions of urban park, an underground parking lot was
constructed beneath the surface of Xiu Lake, and the planning of Qunming Lake
integrated the four separated water areas from the production period and expanded
the 8 m narrow green area along the lake to 3-10 times wider towards water. Lidang
Mountain, due to its historical significance, preserved the only remaining body
and incorporated it into the trail system in conjunction with the terrain. The reuse
of industrial structures for atmosphere setting is evident throughout the park, with
typical examples including the 9 dragons of Xiu Lake, the concrete water spray
column and submerged plank road of Qunming Lake, and the sunken square of
Liugonghui Plaza. Beyond academic and technical considerations, the identification
and protection of hetero-topography are also constrained by contemporary
perceptions of "nature". It is inherently part of a complex, open, and dynamic social
discourse. |
| Key words: landscape architecture industrial landscape industrial heritage heterotopography Shougang urban regeneration |
