| 摘要: |
| ：“借景”是中国风景园林理论研究的一个重要话题。以明清武汉私家园林为研究对象，考察其基于本土山水格局的“借景”现象，认为其不仅传承了
以《园冶》为代表的造园经验和“借景”传统，更有丰富而生动的“在地经验”：依托本土山形水势的登眺所观，嵌合江山风景的“入境式”身体参与，追怀
三国群雄等本土人文历史的时空观想，以及晚清时局变迁背景下，关联张之洞等特定的人与事、由出世归隐到入世关怀的近代转型。明清武汉私家园林迄今均
湮没于历史时空长河之中，然园林不存，风景犹在，其风景的在地经验所承载的文化精神得以存续和传播，提示了如今倡导守护绿水青山的源远流长的历史与
人文价值。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 借景 武汉私家园林 山水风景 在地经验 时空 |
| DOI：10.19775/j.cla.2025.04.0130 |
| 投稿时间：2023-11-22修订日期：2024-01-25 |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(52078227，52478056) |
|
| The Local Experience of Landscape: The Borrowing Views of "Mountains and Rivers" in Wuhan PrivateGarden Making during the Ming and Qing Dynasties |
| ZHAO Jijun,,HE Jiaxin |
| Abstract: |
| While "borrowing views" is an important concept in the study of
Chinese landscape architecture theory, this study delves into this topic by examining
the private gardens of Wuhan in the context of the local mountain and water
patterns during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is posited that these gardens
not only carry forward the gardening expertise and the tradition of "borrowing
views" represented by the classic text The Craft of Gardens, but also embody a
wealth of vivid and authentic "local experiences". Firstly, private gardens in Wuhan
drew upon the "natural" attributes of the local mountain and water patterns. By
capitalizing on the elevated terrain, they provided a direct visual experience of
gazing into the distance from a lofty vantage point. However, the vistas from these
heights encompassed not only the natural landscape but also actively integrated
the urban scenery. This integration was a result of leveraging Wuhan's distinctive
landscape pattern of "a city of rivers and half a city of mountains", which provided
a unique local experience of looking far from a high place. Secondly, there was
the "immersive" physical engagement that integrated with the landscape. This
engagement encompassed the interplay between individuals and the natural
environment, highlighting the influence of "mountains and waters" on "people"
and the reciprocal involvement of "people" with "mountains and waters". It also
included the thoughtful placement of living and touring spaces, which mirrored
the delicate interplay between man-made structures and the natural topography.
Furthermore, it involved the multi-sensory involvement of the body within specific
temporal and spatial contexts, which not only conveyed bodily sensations but
also underscored the dynamic processes inherent in the "river" as a natural
boundary. These landscape experiences were intrinsically linked to the unique
encounters of being surrounded by the mountains and waters, and were made
possible by the specific "mountains" (Gui Mountain and She Mountain) and
"waters" (Yangtze River and Han River). Thirdly, there was the spatiotemporal
experience of contemplating landscapes. The historical and spatial journey of
garden touring, from "here and now" to "there and then", had always remained
rooted in the local scenery and cultural heritage of Wuhan. By tracing back to
Yue Fei through Verdant Mist Peak, and reflecting on the Warring States period’s
Qu Yuan and the heroes of the Three Kingdoms through the Yangtze River, the
contemplation of landscapes was endowed with specific cognition and insights.
The retrospection and integration of numerous historical memories extended
the spatiotemporal dimensions of Wuhan's local scenery, enhanced the cultural
depth of its landscapes, and also created the distinctiveness of Wuhan's private
gardens based on local customs and traditions. Finally, against the backdrop of
the changing situation in the late Qing Dynasty, the construction of private gardens
was associated with specific people and events in the modern political, social,
and economic changes in Wuhan, such as the livelihood issues caused by floods
and droughts. This shift from a self-sufficient and entertainment-oriented reclusive
lifestyle to a worldly concern for the welfare of the people reflected the modern
transformation of private gardens in Wuhan. In summary, the private gardens of
Wuhan during the Ming and Qing dynasties, relying on the local topography of
mountains and waters, presented a rich and vivid content of "borrowing views".
However, to date, they have all been submerged in the long river of historical time
and space. Although the gardens no longer exist, the landscapes remain, and
the cultural spirit carried by the local experience of these landscapes continues
to be preserved and disseminated. This also highlights the significant historical
and cultural value of the current advocacy for protecting green waters and green
mountains. |
| Key words: landscape architecture borrowing view private gardens in Wuhan mountains and rivers local experience time and space |
