| 摘要: |
| ：明代江南大族、望族于灾荒时期的园林营建活动在以往研究中被忽略，但其与承平时期主流江南私园营建存在鲜明相异之处，值得深入研究。通过史料
查阅与园图景境分析，对荒政背景下多个典型性家族园林营建案例开展讨论，得出其总体风貌“野朴”与假山“雄壮”之特色。尝试弥补明代特殊背景下的私家
园林营建研究空白，并可能对园林史研究提供新的视角切入借鉴 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 荒政 家族园林 假山营建 特色 |
| DOI：10.19775/j.cla.2025.03.0138 |
| 投稿时间：2023-10-12修订日期：2024-02-02 |
| 基金项目:教育部人文社会科学研究项目(24YJA760033)；江苏省社科基金项目(23TYD014)；南京信息工程大学科研启动基金项目(1521172201007) |
|
| "Wild Simplicity" and "Majesty": Study on Construction Characteristics of Family Gardens andRockeries in the South of the Yangtze River under the Background of Famine Relief Policies during theMing Dynasty |
| GUO Yide,,ZHANG Xinzhe,,LIU Fengbao,,ZHOU Xiangpin* |
| Abstract: |
| The Ming Dynasty was among the dynasties that were most
severely stricken by natural disasters in Chinese history. Throughout the
276-year period from the establishment of the dynasty by Emperor Zhu
Yuanzhang to the reign of Emperor Chongzhen, the Ming Dynasty was
subjected to over 1,100 occurrences of severe natural disasters such as
drought, floods, snowstorms, locusts, and earthquakes. After the disasters
occurred, the government specially formulated a complete set of famine relief
policies to prevent social unrest and maintain political stability. The most
important of these was that the government or large families hired disaster
victims and refugees to build large-scale gardening projects, thereby attaining
the intention of substituting paid employment for the free distribution of relief
supplies. The earliest origin of garden design was to provide leisure and
entertainment places for the imperial family and relatives. Once adopted by
the common people, it was regarded as a luxurious work by local literati and
affluent families for amusement and leisure. It integrates poetry, calligraphy
and painting, opera, decoration, furniture, architecture, flowers, and trees,
and functions as a principal medium for promoting cultural materials. Its
cultural significance was prominent, and in essence, it cannot produce actual
economic or social benefits except for consuming money. Nevertheless, the
gardens built by local big families and wealthy families during the famine of
the Ming Dynasty not only created a beautiful garden environment, but also
actively provided relief to the famine victims, and produced actual economic
and material benefits and value, which perfectly made up for the regret that
"gardens were only for pure entertainment". The Ming Dynasty was also an
era in Chinese history when classical gardens attained the zenith of maturity
and sophistication. During the prosperous and stable period of economy
and society, this country built a large number of garden works by officials
or private families, such as in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden,
Wuxi Lingering Garden, Nanjing Yu Garden, with a refined and elegant
demeanour. However, during periods of disasters and famines in Jiangnan
region of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, local clans and aristocrats took
advantage of the opportunity to participate in disaster relief and hired a large
number of refugees to build family gardens, which emerged as a particularly
prominent phenomenon in the history of private Chinese gardens. This
act of garden construction not only employed a large number of refugees
at that time, providing them with food to maintain social stability, but also
achieved actual growth in the wealth of the contributing families, enriched
the background and types of classical private garden construction, and had
profound social and cultural significance. This phenomenon was overlooked
in previous theoretical studies of garden history and did not receive sufficient
attention. However, there are distinct differences between its construction
characteristics and the mainstream private garden construction in Jiangnan
region during periods of economic prosperity and social stability, creating a
distinctive style that deserves further in-depth study. The article undertakes
an extensive discourse on several typical family garden construction cases
in Jiangnan and other regions under the background of the Ming Dynasty's
famine relief policies, such as Xilin Garden of the An Family in Wuxi, Zhiqin
Garden of the Xu Family in Suzhou, and Jicheng Garden of the Zhang
Yandeng Family in Shandong, by consulting a large amount of cultural and
historical materials and combining in-depth analysis of garden scenery and
image information in landscape paintings. Finally, the research concludes
that the overall style of Jiangnan family garden built during the Ming
Dynasty's famine relief context is highly "wild and plain" and the rockeries are
particularly "majestic". Simply put, it is a garden built under this background,
with a very simple and plain overall style, mostly in the form of gardens and
farms, balancing the dual functions of recreation and agricultural production.
The park basically contains a large amount of farmland for planting rice and
vegetables, as well as large ponds for breeding fish and shrimp. The gardens
managed in this manner can effectively prevent the occurrence of famine in
the event of subsequent disasters. In terms of local landscape creation, there
is a special preference for large-scale accumulation of rockeries of rivers and
lakes. This construction activity does not require the garden owner to devote
an extensive period of time, carefully pondering and thinking, which perfectly
meets the actual psychological needs and technical level of famine refugees.
The creation of large-scale rockery mountains and water features can not
only create beautiful landscape visual impressions, but also imitate nature,
achieve the concept of returning to natural ecology, and also play an ideal
pursuit of praying for warding off disasters and bestowing blessings in Feng
Shui. This study endeavors to bridge the research void in the types of private
gardens built during the specific background of the Ming Dynasty, and is
likely to provide new perspectives and references for the Chinese garden
history and theory. |
| Key words: landscape architecture disaster relief policies family gardens rockery construction characteristics |
