| 摘要: |
| 北京长河南岸乐善园鼎盛于清乾隆四十七年(1782年)，是乾隆皇帝和其生母崇庆皇太后往返于宫城至西郊园林间驻跸与御船停泊的一处重要枢纽，为现
北京动物园核心区域的前身。由于乐善园图档资料流失日本，以及受到的关注相比于北京宫城和西郊区域皇家园林较少，目前鲜见对于乐善园平面布局的研究。根
据日本东洋文化研究所藏清光绪时期(1875—1908年)“样式雷图档”，辅以中国第一历史档案馆藏乾隆时期(1736—1795年)至光绪时期乐善园修缮奏折，结合
乾隆时期《日下旧闻考》和崇庆皇太后六旬《万寿图》等资料，界定乾隆四十七年盛期乐善园平面范围，分析光绪时期和光绪朝拟修缮背景下的园林平面布局，
进一步推测绘制出乾隆四十七年乐善园平面布局，并与这一时期乐善园之园景题名寓意相结合，解析乐善园鼎盛时期园林布局的特征和乾隆帝的造园思想。 |
| 关键词: 风景园林 乐善园 范围界定 平面布局 |
| DOI：10.19775/j.cla.2025.03.0016 |
| 投稿时间：2024-07-31修订日期：2024-09-22 |
| 基金项目: |
|
| Study on the Layout of Leshan Garden during Its Peak in the 47th Year of Emperor Qianlong's Reign |
| CUI Jingshu,CUI Shan,ZHANG Junhua*,ZHANG Siyu,SUN Fuhao |
| Abstract: |
| Leshan Garden, situated on the southern bank of the Chang River
in Beijing, reached its zenith during the 47th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign
(1782). As an essential hub, it played a significant role in facilitating the travels of
Emperor Qianlong and his mother, Empress Dowager Chongqing, between the
Forbidden City and the imperial gardens in the western suburbs. This strategic
location also served as a docking point for imperial boats, symbolizing its
importance in connecting key imperial gardens. The site later evolved into the
core area of the modern Beijing Zoo. Despite its historical significance, Leshan
Garden has received limited scholarly attention compared to the Forbidden City
and the renowned imperial gardens of Beijing's western suburbs. The loss of
Leshan Garden's historical archives, which were taken to Japan, left gaps in the
historical understanding of its spatial layout and design. To address this gap, this
study delves into a range of historical materials to reconstruct the spatial layout
and design features of Leshan Garden during its peak period in 1782. A critical
resource for this analysis is the collection of "Yangshi Lei Architectural Drawings"
from the Qing Guangxu period (1875–1908), currently housed at the Institute for
Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. These detailed architectural plans provide
valuable insights into the design elements and planning of Leshan Garden
during a later period. In addition, memorials regarding the restoration of Leshan
Garden, spanning the Qianlong (1736–1795) to Guangxu (1875–1908) periods,
preserved at the First Historical Archives of China, offer essential information
about its historical evolution and the intentions behind its development. These
official documents are complemented by contemporaneous literature such as
Rixia Jiuwen Kao, a comprehensive account of Beijing's cultural and historical
sites compiled during the Qianlong era, and Wanshou Tu, an illustrated record
commemorating Empress Dowager Chongqing's sixtieth birthday, which
provides further context for understanding the garden's symbolic and cultural
importance. By synthesizing these sources, this research delineates the spatial
boundaries and structural organization of Leshan Garden during its peak in
the 47th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign. Through a detailed analysis of
the garden's layout during the Guangxu period and the context of proposed
restoration efforts under the Guangxu emperor, this study identifies shifts
and continuities in the garden's design over time. Furthermore, the research
reconstructs a hypothetical plan of Leshan Garden's layout during its peak in
1782, visually representing its spatial organization and structural elements. In
addition to the physical reconstruction, this study explores the deeper symbolic
meanings associated with the naming of Leshan Garden's scenic spots. These
names often carried cultural, poetic, and philosophical significance, reflecting
Emperor Qianlong's aesthetic preferences and ideological underpinnings. By
analyzing these naming conventions in conjunction with the reconstructed spatial
layout, this research sheds light on the unique features of Leshan Garden's
design and the philosophical principles guiding its creation. This approach
not only highlights the garden's role as a functional imperial space but also
emphasizes its symbolic representation of Qianlong's vision for imperial grandeur
and harmony with nature. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader
understanding of Qing dynasty garden design, offering fresh perspectives on the
lesser-known Leshan Garden. It also underscores the importance of integrating
diverse historical sources to reconstruct lost cultural landscapes, providing a
framework for future research on neglected heritage sites. |
| Key words: landscape architecture Leshan Garden boundary definition plane
layout |
